Abstract: This paper seeks to examine the mismatch between policy and practice as well as its implication on the future of pastoralism in Tanzania. It is basically a desk research involving a review of documents related to policies and programmes on land and livestock issues in the country. Findings have revealed that despite policies and programmes aimed at modernizing and transforming pastoralism this production system is still marginalized and faces a myriad of challenges which threaten its existence. This paradox is best explained by the mismatch between policy on land and the realities that pastoralists face on the ground. Policies do not reflect pastoralist realities and circumstances and instead they undermine access and rights to land which are critical to pastoralism. It is concluded that unless policy makers redress their misconception pastoralism will continue to face a bleak future.